Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Table 1 Formulation and chemical composition of the diets¹, % dry matter

Ingredients	LC	HC	HCSA	HCSB	HCSASB
Fish meal²	51	51	51	51	51
Soybean oil²	6	6	6	6	6
Wheat gluten meal²	4	4	4	4	4
Extruded-soybean²	3	3	3	3	3
Spray dried plasma protein powder²	5	5	5	5	5
α-Starch²	9	18	18	18	18
Soy protein concentrate²	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.5
Microcrystalline cellulose²	12.5	3.5	3.3	3.3	3.3
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂²	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Choline chloride²	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Yeast hydrolysate²	1	1	1	1	1
Vitamin premix⁴	1	1	1	1	1
Mineral premix⁵	1	1	1	1	1
Sodium acetate³	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0	0.1
Sodium butyrate³	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.1
Chemical composition
Crude protein⁶	44.57	44.60	44.18	44.35	44.70
Crude lipid⁶	10.40	10.29	10.42	10.24	10.52
Moisture⁶	8.68	8.58	8.70	8.89	8.75
Ash⁶	12.56	12.49	12.41	12.26	12.10
Crude fiber⁶	7.60	1.31	1.45	1.56	1.48
Nitrogen-free extract⁷	16.19	22.73	22.84	22.70	22.45
Carbohydrate⁸	23.79	24.04	24.29	24.26	23.93
Gross energy⁹, kJ/g dry matter	18.71	18.73	18.72	18.68	18.82

¹LC represents a low carbohydrate diet; HC represents a high carbohydrate diet; HCSA, HCSB, and HCSASB represent a high carbohydrate diet supplemented with 2 g/kg SA, 2 g/kg SB, and a combination of 1 g/kg SA and 1 g/kg SB, respectively. SA = sodium acetate; SB = sodium butyrate
²Supplied by Chengdu Sanwang farming Co., Ltd. (China)
³Supplied by Xinao Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd. (China)
⁴Vitamin premix provided the following (mg/kg diet): vitamin A, 16,000 IU; vitamin D₃, 8,000 IU; vitamin K₃, 14.72; vitamin B₁, 17.80; vitamin B₂, 48; vitamin B₆, 29.52; vitaminB₁₂, 0.24; vitamin E, 160; vitamin C, 800; niacinamide, 79.20; calcium-pantothenate, 73.60; folic acid, 6.40; biotin, 0.64; inositol, 320; choline chloride, 1,500; L-carnitine, 100
⁵Mineral premix provided the following (mg/kg diet): Cu (CuSO₄), 2.00; Zn (ZnSO₄), 34.4; Mn (MnSO₄), 6.20; Fe (FeSO₄), 21.10; I (Ca (IO₃) ₂), 1.63; Se (Na₂SeO₃), 0.18; Co (CoCl₂), 0.24; Mg (MgSO₄ ·H₂O), 52.70
⁶Crude protein, crude lipid, ash, crude fiber and moisture contents were measured value
⁷Nitrogen-free extract = 100 – (moisture + crude protein + crude lipid + ash + crude fiber)
⁸Carbohydrate = nitrogen-free extract + crude fiber
⁹Gross energy was calculated by NRC (2011) contents [36]

ISSN: 2049-1891