Fig. 1

Synergy between DCA and butyrate in inducing avian β-defensin (AvBD) and claudin-1 gene expression in chicken macrophages. Chicken HD11 macrophages were stimulated in triplicate with 1 mmol/L sodium butyrate (NaB) in the presence or absence of indicated concentrations (µmol/L) of deoxycholic acid (DCA) for 24 h, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis (RT-qPCR) of mRNA expression of AvBD1 (A), AvBD3 (B), AvDB4 (C), AvBD8 (D), AvBD9 (E), and claudin-1 (F). Data shown are mean ± SEM of a representative of 2–3 independent experiments. Means not sharing a common superscript letter denote statistical significance (P < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test