Fig. 5

The bubble plot differential metabolic pathway analysis based on differential metabolites. The ordinate is the name of metabolic pathway. The abscissa is the enrichment factor (Rich factor = number of significantly different metabolites/total number of metabolites in the path). The larger the Rich factor, the greater the enrichment degree. The color from green to red indicates that P-value decreases in turn. The larger the point, the more metabolites enriched on the pathway. A The bubble plot differential metabolic pathway analysis based on differential metabolites for HELP compared to CT group. B The bubble plot differential metabolic pathway analysis based on differential metabolites for FRT4M compared to HELP group, respectively. The ordinate is the name of metabolic pathway. The abscissa is the enrichment factor (Rich factor). The larger the Rich factor, the greater the enrichment degree. The color from green to red indicates that P-value decreases in turn. The larger the point, the more metabolites enriched on the pathway. C Interactive metabolic pathway map based on the KEGG database involving glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, beta-Alanine metabolism. Under the metabolites, blue represents HELP compared to CT group, red represents FRT4M compared to HELP group. The up arrow means the metabolite was significant upregulation, and the down arrow means the metabolite was significant downregulation. Horizontal line means no significant difference between groups. CT: control group, hens fed with normal diet. HELP: model group, hens fed with high-energy low-protein diet. FRT4M: experimental group, hens fed with high-energy low-protein diet with 10¹⁰ CFU/kg Lp. plantarum FRT4