Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions

Silva-Guillen, Ysenia V.; Arellano, Consuelo; Wiegert, Jeffrey; Boyd, R. Dean; Martínez, Gabriela E.; van Heugten, Eric

doi:10.1186/s40104-023-00981-7

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Table 5 Immune markers in serum and intestinal mucosa of pigs exposed to thermo-neutral or heat-stressed environments and provided antioxidants in feed or water^a

From: Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions

Item	Day	Environment^b								SEM	P–value^c
		Thermo-neutral				Heat-stressed					P–value^c
		CON	VEW	VEF	POL	CON	VEW	VEF	POL		E	S	D	E × S	E × S × D
Serum concentration, pg/mL
Interferon-γ	2	3,219	2,608	2,707	1,332	2,692	1,531	3,381	3,622	1003	0.375	0.587	0.078	0.306	0.383
Interferon-γ	28	2,823	3,686	3,490	2,888	5,543	2,496	3,586	3,759	1003	0.375	0.587	0.078	0.306	0.383
Interleukin-1α	2	22	27	42	22	35	40	24	42	11	0.780	0.728	0.284	0.364	0.463
Interleukin-1α	28	15	25	36	34	25	29	28	21	11	0.780	0.728	0.284	0.364	0.463
Interleukin-1β	2	208	267	392	200	254	252	223	456	79	0.827	0.105	0.133	0.392	0.113
Interleukin-1β	28	136	210	210	346	200	128	260	301	79	0.827	0.105	0.133	0.392	0.113
Interleukin-1Ra	2	738	672	690	456	953	814	716	846	105	0.056	0.871	< 0.001	0.274	0.615
Interleukin-1Ra	28	345	409	571	467	495	614	419	533	105	0.056	0.871	< 0.001	0.274	0.615
Interleukin-2	2	94	153	228	92	151	120	109	260	60	0.891	0.629	0.266	0.507	0.058
Interleukin-2	28	54	145	102	189	131	72	159	103	60	0.891	0.629	0.266	0.507	0.058
Interleukin-4	2	525	730	1,520	432	628	732	916	1,592	438	0.801	0.375	0.217	0.906	0.059
Interleukin-4	28	237	702	461	1,127	562	325	1,152	471	438	0.801	0.375	0.217	0.906	0.059
Interleukin-6	2	13	21	36	14	21	16	21	34	11	0.924	0.449	0.281	0.813	0.388
Interleukin-6	28	5	14	28	20	11	21	24	9	11	0.924	0.449	0.281	0.813	0.388
Interleukin-8	2	428	450	377	410	318	344	292	343	75	0.007	0.359	< 0.001	0.282	0.508
Interleukin-8	28	688	574	679	652	394	415	534	738	75	0.007	0.359	< 0.001	0.282	0.508
Interleukin-10	2	248	328	565	222	376	260	264	613	131	0.802	0.561	0.164	0.610	0.033
Interleukin-10	28	177	270	223	408	300	169	402	240	131	0.802	0.561	0.164	0.610	0.033
Interleukin-12	2	1,224	1,499	1,526	1,139	1,324	1,392	1,346	1,401	117	0.807	0.221	0.001	0.669	0.257
Interleukin-12	28	1,135	1,153	1,285	1,183	1,063	1,274	1,161	1,057	117	0.807	0.221	0.001	0.669	0.257
Interleukin-18	2	803	924	1,727	808	783	815	611	1,141	232	0.324	0.482	0.002	0.250	0.023
Interleukin-18	28	294	741	638	927	673	456	639	510	232	0.324	0.482	0.002	0.250	0.023
TNF-α^d	2	78	57	69	78	83	46	43	59	32	0.920	0.983	0.576	0.968	0.802
TNF-α^d	28	37	60	49	55	26	64	99	48	32	0.920	0.983	0.576	0.968	0.802
Mucosal TNF-α
Jejunum, pg/mg protein	28	847	1,094	786	517	412	1,112	191	723	197	0.022	0.064	NA^e	0.535	NA
Ileum, pg/mg protein	28	5.6	6.4	2.3	2.4	1.5	2.1	2	2.8	0.45	0.009	< 0.001	NA	< 0.001	NA

^aValues are least square means of 16 pigs for serum and 8 pigs for tissue measurements. Dietary treatments consisted of control diets (CON), vitamin E supplementation in water (VEW), vitamin E supplementation in feed (VEF), and botanical extract supplementation in feed (POL). Dietary and water treatments were provided starting on d −7 and environmental treatments started on d 0 until d 28
^bTemperatures were set at the following time points: 2400, 0200, 0400, 0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h. Temperatures for the thermo-neutral room were 18.9, 18.9, 20.0, 20.0, 21.1, 21.1, 22.2, 22.2, 21.1, 21.1, 20.0, and 20.0 °C, and for heat-stressed room they were 28.3, 29.4, 29.4, 31.1, 32.8, 33.3, 34.4, 35.6, 34.4, 31.7, 29.4 and 29.4 °C
^cEffects abbreviations: E = environment, S = supplementation, D = day, E × D = environment × day, E × S = environment × supplementation, S × D = supplementation × day, E × S × D = environment × supplementation × day. Effects without significant differences or tendencies were not shown
^dTumor necrosis factor-α
^eNot applicable

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ISSN: 2049-1891

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