Supplementation of vitamin E or a botanical extract as antioxidants to improve growth performance and health of growing pigs housed under thermoneutral or heat-stressed conditions

Table 4 Concentrations of vitamin E in serum and liver and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and ileal mucosa of pigs exposed to thermo-neutral and heat-stressed environment and provided antioxidants in feed or water^a

Item	Environment^b								SEM	P-value^c
	Thermo-neutral				Heat-stressed					P-value^c
	CON	VEW	VEF	POL	CON	VEW	VEF	POL		E	S	D	E×D	E×S	S × D	E × S × D
Serum vitamin E, mg/kg
d 2	1.73	3.29	2.79	1.79	1.72	3.20	3.45	1.63	0.151	0.259	<0.001	0.067	0.016	0.584	0.001	0.038
d 28	1.64	4.01	3.63	1.77	1.49	3.86	3.11	1.48	0.151	0.259	<0.001	0.067	0.016	0.584	0.001	0.038
Liver vitamin E, mg/kg
d 28	3.86	30.80	18.24	4.68	4.00	32.81	17.69	5.03	2.59	0.768	<0.001	NA^d	NA	0.968	NA	NA
Serum MDA, μmol/L
d 2	4.3	6.3	6.3	5.5	2.9	3.3	3.2	2.5	0.803	0.463	0.017	<0.001	<0.001	0.283	0.418	0.829
d 28	4.2	5.4	4.8	5.3	5.8	6.3	6.0	6.6	0.803	0.463	0.017	<0.001	<0.001	0.283	0.418	0.829
Ileal mucosal MDA, μmol/g of protein
d 28	0.362	0.208	0.185	0.159	0.180	0.183	0.225	0.229	0.04	0.568	0.156	NA	NA	0.020	NA	NA

^aValues are least square means of 16 pigs for serum and 8 pigs for tissue measurements. Dietary treatments consisted of control diets (CON), vitamin E supplementation in water (VEW), vitamin E supplementation in feed (VEF), and botanical extract supplementation in feed (POL). Dietary and water treatments were provided starting on d −7 and environmental treatments started on d 0 until d 28
^bTemperatures were set at the following time points: 2400, 0200, 0400, 0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, and 2200 h. Temperatures for the thermo-neutral room were 18.9, 18.9, 20.0, 20.0, 21.1, 21.1, 22.2, 22.2, 21.1, 21.1, 20.0, and 20.0 °C, and for heat-stressed room they were 28.3, 29.4, 29.4, 31.1, 32.8, 33.3, 34.4, 35.6, 34.4, 31.7, 29.4 and 29.4 °C
^cEffects abbreviations: E = environment, S = supplementation, D = day, E × D = environment × day, E × S = environment × supplementation, S × D = supplementation × day, E × S × D = environment × supplementation × day
^dNot applicable

ISSN: 2049-1891