Table 3 The antioxidant effects of polyphenols on swine
Polyphenols | Dosages and duration | Swine models | Antioxidant effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Daidzein | 50 mg/kg 72 d | Weaned piglets 23-day-old 7.35 ± 0.14 kg BW | Plasma: D 14: MDA (2.52 → 2.31 mmol/L) ↓ D 42: SOD (18.19 → 20.54 U/mL) ↑ | [82] |
640 mg/kg 64 d | Finishing pigs Average 57 kg BW | Liver (U/mg protein): CAT (79.5 → 96.3) ↑, SOD (285 → 358) ↑ longissimus muscle (U/mg protein): T-AOC (0.036 → 0.063) ↑, SOD (14.71 → 17.56) ↑ | [83] | |
40 mg/kg G75 to L21 | Sows | Colostrum (U/mL): SOD (119.2 ± 4.14 → 154.8 ± 8.99) ↑ CAT (2.4 ± 0.58 → 18.73 ± 1.1) ↑ GPx (155.3 ± 9.76 → 201.4 ± 18.73) ↑ T-AOC (2.15 ± 0.15 → 2.72 ± 0.12) ↑ | [84] | |
200 mg/kg G1 to G114 | Sows (3 to 5 parity, 226.18 ± 1.09 kg BW on G35 239.64 ± 0.83 kg BW on G85) | Serum (U/mL): G35: GPx (1,169.9 → 1,486.8) ↑ SOD (94.39 → 99.92) ↑; CAT (12.21 → 14.5) ↑ T-AOC (6.03 → 7.12) ↑ G85: SOD (62.28 → 69.58) ↑, T-AOC (5.53 → 7.7) ↑ | [85] | |
Resveratrol | 90 mg/kg 21 d | Diquat-challenged weaned piglets 28-day-old 7.25 ± 0.13 kg BW | Jejunal mucosa (U/mg protein): CAT (5.56 → 6.68) ↑, SOD (50.33 → 74.48) ↑ GPx (46.25 → 59.64) ↑ MDA (0.96 → 0.5 nmol/g protein) ↓ | [86] |
100 mg/kg 14 d | Diquat-challenged weaned piglets 35-day-old 9.35 ± 0.26 kg BW | Jejunum: T-AOC (0.18 → 0.33 U/mg protein) ↑ H2O2 (20.43 → 15.61 mmol/g protein) ↓ MDA (1.05 → 0.59 nmol/mg protein) ↓ | [87] | |
300 mg/kg 28 d | DON-challenged weaned piglets 21-day-old 6.97 ± 0.1 BW | Serum: GSH (2.8 → 3.38 mg/L) ↑ T-AOC (1.56 → 2.01 mg/L) ↑ MDA (3.31 → 2.58 nmol/mL) ↓ Ileum (μmol/g protein): SOD (39.57 → 50.77) ↑, T-AOC (0.31 → 0.44) ↑, MDA (1 → 0.68) ↓ Jejunum (μmol/g protein): GSH (10.02 → 11.17) ↑, SOD (49.95 → 57.76) ↑ T-AOC (0.29 → 0.37) ↑ | ||
Oxidized soybean oil challenged piglets Average 34.43-day-old 10.19 ± 0.1 kg BW | Plasma H2O2 (82.99 → 70.11 mmol/L) ↓ | [88] | ||
300 mg/kg G75 to L21 | Sows at high temperatures (average parity 3) | Plasma: L14: T-AOC (0.1 → 0.15 mmol/L) ↑ MDA (2.1 → 1.6 nmol/mL) ↓ Colostrum: MDA (3.8 → 2 nmol/mL) ↓ | [22] | |
300 mg/kg G20 to L21 | Sows (average parity 4.4) | Plasma: G110: CAT (12 → 14 U/mL) ↑, GPx (2,200 → 2,800 U/mL) ↑ MDA (2.5 → 1.5 nmol/mL) ↓, H2O2 (50 → 38 mmol/L) ↓ L14: SOD (80 → 120 U/mL) ↑; CAT (2.5 → 4 U/mL) ↑ MDA (1.6 → 1.2 nmol/mL) ↓, H2O2 (18 → 15 mmol/L) ↓ L21: SOD (80 → 120 U/mL) ↑; MDA (1.7 → 1.4 nmol/mL) ↓ Placenta (U/mg protein): CAT (28 → 40) ↑, SOD (28 → 48) ↑, GPx (75 → 90) ↑, MDA (5.8 → 3) ↓, H2O2 (18 → 15 mmol/g protein) ↓ | [89] | |
Pterostilbene | 300 mg/kg 15 d | DON-challenged weaned piglets 21-day-old 6.57 ± 0.32 kg BW | Liver: MnSOD (25.5 ± 4.96 → 53.75 ± 5.39 U/mg protein) ↑ GSH (63.11 ± 6.95 → 88.78 ± 6.34 nmol/100 mg wet weight) ↑ | [90] |
300 mg/kg 14 d | IUGR piglets 21-day-old 4.91 ± 0.06 kg BW | Jejunum: SOD (60 → 90 U/mg protein) ↑ GSH (1.8 → 2.8 μmol/100 mg wet weight) ↑ T-GSH (3 → 4 μmol/100 mg wet weight) ↑ MDA (0.6 → 0.45 nmol/mg protein) ↓ | [91] | |
Curcumin | 400 mg/kg 24 d | IUGR piglets 26-day-old | Serum: T-AOC (1.03 ± 0.37 → 1.89 ± 0.57 U/mL) ↑ CAT (1.77 ± 0.43 → 3.59 ± 1.27 U/mL) ↑ GPx (355.29 ± 50.57 → 376.87 ± 25.39 U/mL) ↑ GR (21.47 ± 1.38 → 30.14 ± 1.24 U/L) ↑ Liver: T-AOC (0.88 ± 0.14 → 1.21 ± 0.22 U/mg protein) ↑ GPx (36.23 ± 2.04 → 58.30 ± 5.17 U/mg protein) ↑ GR (16.11 ± 1.22 → 18.94 ± 3.36 U/g protein) ↑ | [92] |
200 mg/kg 89 d | IUGR piglets 26-day-old 5.76–6.05 kg BW | Jejunum: SOD (15.82 ± 3.04 → 28.65 ± 4.83 U/mg protein) ↑ MDA (2.01 ± 0.15 → 1.23 ± 0.13 nmol/mg protein) ↓ Leg muscle (U/mg protein): SOD (16.69 ± 0.23 → 17.83 ± 0.28) ↑ GPx (13.65 ± 0.53 → 15.50 ± 0.82) ↑ CAT (14.18 ± 0.32 → 18.21 ± 0.97) ↑ MDA (4.65 ± 0.32 → 3.42 ± 0.19 nmol/mg protein) ↓ | ||
Polyphenols | Dosages and duration | Swine models | Antioxidant effects | References |
Curcumin | 200 mg/kg 169 d | IUGR piglets 26-day-old | longissimus dorsi muscle GSH (27.99 ± 2.21 → 40.43 ± 1.80) ↑ CAT (10.56 ± 0.58 → 12.59 ± 0.83) ↑ T-AOC (0.32 ± 0.04 → 1.22 ± 0.38) ↑ MDA (2.57 ± 0.17 → 1.08 ± 0.08 nmol/mg protein) ↓ | [95] |
Eucommia ulmoides flavones | 100 mg/kg 21-d feeding | DON-challenged weaned piglets 21-day-old 6.50 ± 0.29 kg BW | Serum (U/mL): D 14: SOD (73.51 ± 6.31 → 94.87 ± 3.37) ↑ GPx (335.21 ± 4.14 → 360.85 ± 2.49) ↑ CAT (5.73 ± 0.38 → 6.97 ± 0.38) ↑ T-AOC (0.54 ± 0.01 → 1.14 ± 0.1) ↑ D 21: GPx (314.49 ± 5.68 → 334.15 ± 4.41) ↑ | [96] |
100 mg/kg 14-d feeding | Jejunum: SOD (7.678 ± 2.068 → 13.263 ± 1.67 U/mg protein) ↑ MDA (1.698 ± 0.164 → 3.356 ± 0.546 nmol/mg protein) ↓ | [97] |