Fig. 1

Effects of rumen microbiota transplantation (FR), sterile rumen fluid transplantation (SR) on rumen fermentation and microbial diversity. The dairy cows in the CON group received 10 L saline daily. A The rumen fermentation parameters and individual volatile fatty acids are shown as molar proportions. B The composition of relative abundance of microbiota at the phylum level. C The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides. D Chao1 index calculated at the ASV level. E Shannon index calculated at the ASV level. Mann–Whitney U test was used for variation analysis. ^*0.01 ≤ P < 0.05; ^**0.001 ≤ P < 0.01; ^***0.0001 ≤ P < 0.001. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. n = 6