Changes of the liver metabolome following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide injection in Holstein cows supplemented with dietary carnitine

Table 2 Selected hepatic metabolite concentrations of cows treated with or without dietary carnitine

Metabolites, nmol/g	CAR group		SEM	CON group		SEM	P-value
Metabolites, nmol/g	Before LPS	After LPS	SEM	Before LPS	After LPS	SEM	LPS	CAR	Interaction
Acyl-carnitines
C2	39.9	35.3	5.28	10.5	32.6	9.33	0.32	< 0.01	NI¹
C3	17.7	22.0	2.37	6.05	7.17	1.21	0.61	< 0.01	NI
C4	1.22	1.72	0.14	0.68	1.00	0.14	< 0.01	< 0.01	NI
C5²	1.91	2.99	0.26	1.00	1.56	0.33	0.03	< 0.01	NI
C14	0.45	0.59	0.03	0.32	0.56	0.04	< 0.01	< 0.01	NI
C16	0.99	1.58	0.13	0.47	0.14	0.17	< 0.01	< 0.01	NI
C18	1.34	2.03	0.16	0.66	1.25	0.15	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
Biogenic amines and amino acids
Dopamine²	2.83	1.50	0.41	2.92	4.10	0.71	0.27	0.04	0.08
Ornithine	288.9	212.5	13.0	269.5	193.0	18.9	< 0.01	0.42	NI
Putrescine²	3.56	8.73	1.10	5.16	7.81	1.08	< 0.01	0.63	NI
SDMA	0.80	0.35	0.09	0.74	0.52	0.13	< 0.01	0.92	NI
Spermine²	10.8	17.1	0.31	12.3	18.3	1.00	< 0.01	0.63	NI
Threonine²	494.3	255.5	37.9	435.3	404.5	50.8	< 0.01	0.33	0.05

¹NI Not included in the mixed/linear model due to the non-significant interaction P-value (> 0.10)
²C5, dopamine, putrescine, spermine, and threonine were fitted by the linear model, while the rest of the parameters were fitted by the mixed model
CAR Carnitine-treated, CON Control, Cx Acylcarnitine of x carbon chain length, SDMA Symmetric dimethylarginine
‘Before LPS’ refers to lactation d 100, while ‘after LPS’ refers to lactation d 112

ISSN: 2049-1891